External Reflection

-- By GregOrr - 17 Apr 2009

In Robert Musil's The Man Without Qualities, a group assembled from Austrian society is given the opportunity to choose an idea to spur the world to a better future, but they cannot reach consensus because subgroup perceptions and interests are desperately incompatible. This provides foreground to a personal search for answers by the title character, Ulrich, who sees two sides in everything. Situations have contrasting components, and even individual components evoke contrasting interpretations, “like watching someone eat silently, without sharing his appetite: You suddenly perceive only swallowing movements, which look in no way enviable.”

He concludes, “Meaning lies roughly halfway between reasoning and capriciousness,” with common forms of capriciousness including “how we privilege particular interpretations through cultural or personal preunderstanding” and “how we unquestionably seek the firm and solid in life as urgently as a land animal that has fallen into the water.” More self-aware and less self-interested reasoning further interrogates conditions of semi-certainty, seeking contrary or unaccounted for internal and external evidence in hopes of greater synthesis. Yet reasoning appears, even in its best light, to be asymptotic, and some level of capriciousness always contributes to decisions that are made (or not made) in finite time.

I intend to further explain the structure underlying these ideas and consider the implications. I will argue that misunderstandings are pervasive and often insidious, and people can become more ‘creative’ through openness and reflection in communication, though this leads to a problem of parsimony.

(For the third paper, I intend to discuss role and predicament of lawyers in this.)

Intersubjective Reality and the Communication Problem

In a definition of reality, I would include the objective world (I assume this substratum exists, given its stubborn consistency) and the subjective worlds of all consciousnesses. Each subjective world contains unique perceptual data and is hence additive to the whole, and yet the subjective whole presumably falls short of a theoretical limit. Because each person only has access to a subset of the whole, one will naturally operate with assumptions, interests, understandings, and meanings that differ from others’.

The machinery of the mind complicates the issue, producing internal inconsistencies and delicate expressions. Within the mind, one’s attempt to make generalized sense fails to achieve complete consistency because perceptual data is contrasting and flawed, tools of rationality are bounded, and views are formed in finite time. Imperfect pre-linguistic notions are given form in language with a further loss of fidelity, attributable to the boundedness of language itself and especially an individual’s incomplete facility with it. Also, when a person says something, there is usually an element of speculative hypothesis in it looking for confirmation or some other means to resolution. A linguistic representation might always be characterized as a metaphor: a signal that provides a reference that points to the underlying mental condition. Layered on top of this are supra-linguistic cues such as context, structure, tone, and irony, which further refine the message to make it a more precise pointer. Non-linguistic statements, such as facial expressions, body language, and visual arts, may be further added or stand on their own as expressions that can be characterized in the same general way.

It is hard to express oneself, and a person’s expression, then, is hard to understand. It conveys something about his subjective world and becomes additional perceptual data for others. The more instinctual and capricious mode of evaluation interprets the metaphor to be as consistent as possible with one’s own pre-existing subjective world. One tends to lock into what is perceived as common between oneself and the communicator and not hear, ignore, or reject the rest. Though it’s usually an unconscious process, logically this may involve imputing to the other underlying assumptions and experience similar to one’s own or identifying which communication script one is familiar with that the other seems closest to following. Responses then start with this interpretation while adding some related expression of one’s own. What can be funny or tragic is that the first communicator will often interpret the response under the assumption that the other has understood the first expression in the manner he (understands himself to have) intended, and follow-up can be further confused. This is what we call talking past one another, which I think is always happening to some extent, even when people don’t realize it.

Creative Communication

All personal expressions contain some truth, some signal. Martin Heidegger said, “We ourselves are pointers pointing toward [what calls to be thought about].” Openness to changing one’s views coupled with active reflection on the expressions of others allows one access to a greater slice of intersubjective reality, which leads to new and more complete ideas. Moreover, greater empathy to others’ expressions helps one to be a clarifying and productive communication partner.

Reflection on the processes of constructing expressions allows more accurate and productive interpretation. What’s his situation? What are his interests? What’s his intention? What’s the tone? Is he earnest or ironic? What’s there that I haven’t incorporated? What seems to be missing? What do I know that might be relevant? What don’t I know that might be relevant? What kind of mistake might he be making? What if I’m making the mistake and not him? What might a third person have a frustrated urge to tell me about it? What might be the next step?

In this way, interpretations can veer from one thing to another, or from a thing to its opposite. Ideally, open and reflective communication finds its way to increasingly stronger syntheses.

The Parsimony Problem

A reflective orientation increases one’s range in the spectrum of reasoning and capriciousness, and one’s placement on that spectrum becomes an overarching element of reasoning to be controlled in accordance with one’s sense of risk and return. When faced with practical needs, openness and reflection cannot come to fruition through the fullness of time and operative principles are kept to manageable dimensions. Mixtures of reasoning and capriciousness manifest two-sidedness in results, however, with a minus reflecting reality left obscure and unincorporated.